@article{zhai2026limits,
  title = {On the Limits of Univariate Deep Learning for Significant Wave Height Forecasting},
  author = {Yilin Zhai and Hongyuan Shi and Zaijin You},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2609.30688},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.30688},
}

@article{nowak2026hclimrepocean,
  title = {HClimRep-Ocean: A Global Ocean Emulator on an Unstructured Mesh},
  author = {Kacper Nowak and Aleksei Koldunov and Nikolay Koldunov and Savvas Melidonis and Ankit Patnala and Simon Grasse and Julius Polz and Christian Lessig and Martin Schultz and Thomas Jung},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2609.28601},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28601},
}

@article{acquaviva2026how,
  title = {How well is surface ocean carbon represented in observations and ocean models?},
  author = {Viviana Acquaviva and Romina Wild and Alessandro Laio and Amanda R. Fay and Thea H. Heimdal and Galen A. McKinley},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2609.00133},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.00133},
}

@article{benassi2026decadal,
  title = {Decadal wave reconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea with graph neural networks},
  author = {Federica Benassi and Lorenzo Mentaschi and Salvatore Causio and Daniel Holmberg and Ivan Federico and Nadia Pinardi},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2608.16449},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16449},
}

@article{espinosa2026dlesymocean,
  title = {DLESyM-Ocean: A Deep Learning Probabilistic Global Model for Simulating Present-Day Upper Ocean and Sea Ice},
  author = {Zachary I Espinosa and Nathaniel Cresswell-Clay and William Yik and Cecilia M. Bitz and Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth and Peter Harrington and David Pruitt and Michael S. Pritchard and Dale R. Durran},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2608.11545},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.11545},
}

@article{wu2026stochastic,
  title = {Stochastic Emulation of a Fully Coupled Preindustrial E3SMv3 Simulation},
  author = {Elynn Wu and James P. C. Duncan and Troy Arcomano and Jeremy McGibbon and Oliver Watt-Meyer and Christopher S. Bretherton and Naser Mahfouz and Claudia Tebaldi and Luke Van Roekel and Andrew Roberts and Wuyin Lin and Finn Rebassoo and Jean-Christophe Golaz and Peter M. Caldwell},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2608.10277},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.10277},
}

@article{koldunov2026fesom2jax,
  title = {FESOM2-JAX v1.0: a differentiable shadow of the ocean-sea-ice model FESOM2, cast onto GPUs},
  author = {Nikolay V. Koldunov and Sergey Danilov and Suvarchal Cheedela and Dmitry Sidorenko and Sebastian Beyer and Patrick Scholz and Ivan Kuznetsov and Jan Streffing and Aleksei Koldunov and Dmitrii Pantiukhin and Svetlana N. Loza and Thomas Jung},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2608.01546},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01546},
}

@article{herreramarin2026memory,
  title = {Memory compression and physical state augmentation favor different AMOC prediction tasks},
  author = {Mauricio Herrera-Marín},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2607.28468},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.28468},
}

@article{sukianto2026locally,
  title = {Locally stationary Argo ocean heat content estimates: Modeling, validation and uncertainty quantification},
  author = {Thea Sukianto and Mikael Kuusela and Donata Giglio and Anirban Mondal and Pulong Ma and Douglas W. Nychka},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2606.31957},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.31957},
}

@article{clark2026disentangling,
  title = {Disentangling the effects of sea surface temperature and CO$_2$ in global machine learned weather-climate emulators},
  author = {Spencer K. Clark and Troy Arcomano and James P. C. Duncan and Brian Henn and Anna Kwa and Jeremy McGibbon and W. Andre Perkins and Elynn Wu and Lucas M. Harris and Oliver Watt-Meyer and Christopher S. Bretherton},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2606.07928},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.07928},
}

@article{yuan2026samudra,
  title = {Samudra 2: Scaling Ocean Emulators across Resolutions},
  author = {Yuan Yuan and Jesse Rusak and Alexander Merose and Adam Subel and Pavel Perezhogin and Alistair Adcroft and Carlos Fernandez-Granda and Laure Zanna},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2606.02610},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02610},
}

@article{holmberg2026njord,
  title = {Njord: A Probabilistic Graph Neural Network for Ensemble Ocean Forecasting},
  author = {Daniel Holmberg and Joel Oskarsson and Erik Wikingsson and Fredrik Lindsten and Teemu Roos},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2605.15470},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.15470},
}

@article{s2026prediction,
  title = {Prediction and Predictability of the Wet-Season Rainfall over Southeast India},
  author = {Harini S and Devabrat Sharma and Yogenraj Patil and Gaurav Chopra and Shruti Tandon and B. N. Goswami and R. I. Sujith},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2605.01326},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01326},
}

@article{loo2026adaptive,
  title = {An Adaptive Spatiotemporal Clustering Framework for 3D Ocean Subsurface Temperature Reconstruction},
  author = {Ming Shan Loo and Wengen Li and Xudong Jiang and Hailiang Cheng and Zhifei Zhang and Jihong Guan and Yichao Zhang},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2605.00860},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.00860},
}

@article{chapron2026optimal,
  title = {Optimal sensor placement for the reconstruction of ocean states using differentiable Gumbel-Softmax sampling operator},
  author = {Oscar Chapron and Ronan Fablet and Yann Stéphan},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2604.22511},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.22511},
}

@article{zhou2026comparing,
  title = {Comparing Ocean Forecasts Driven with Machine Learning-based and Physics-based Atmospheric Forcings},
  author = {Xiaobing Zhou and Frank Colberg and Debra Hudson and Yonghong Yin and Griffith Young and Christopher Bladwell and Catherine Deburgh-Day},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2604.07861},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07861},
}

@article{wisinski2026whats,
  title = {What's in the latent space? Exploring coupled tropical Pacific variability within a Multi-branch $β$-Variational Autoencoder},
  author = {Emily F. Wisinski and Maria J. Molina and Kyle J. C. Hall and Hannah Bao and Salil Mahajan and Nan Rosenbloom and John Fasullo},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2604.07137},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.07137},
}

@article{perezhogin2026calibration,
  title = {Calibration of a neural network ocean closure for improved mean state and variability},
  author = {Pavel Perezhogin and Alistair Adcroft and Laure Zanna},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2604.06398},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.06398},
}

@article{botvynko2026impact,
  title = {Impact of geophysical fields on Deep Learning-based Lagrangian drift simulations},
  author = {Daria Botvynko and Carlos Granero-Belinchon and Simon Van Gennip and Abdesslam Benzinou and Ronan Fablet},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2604.03292},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03292},
}

@article{asefi2026highresolution,
  title = {High-resolution probabilistic estimation of three-dimensional regional ocean dynamics from sparse surface observations},
  author = {Niloofar Asefi and Tianning Wu and Ruoying He and Ashesh Chattopadhyay},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2604.02850},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.02850},
}

@article{provenzano2026cnnbased,
  title = {CNN-based forecasting of early winter NAO using sea surface temperature},
  author = {Elena Provenzano and Guillaume Gastineau and Carlos Mejia and Didier Swingedouw and Sylvie Thiria},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.16312},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16312},
}

@article{li2026probabilistic,
  title = {Probabilistic reconstruction of global sea surface temperature using generative diffusion models},
  author = {Haijie Li and Ya Wang and Kai Yang and Gang Huang and Xiangao Xia and Ziming Chen and Weichen Tao and Chenglin Lyu and Lin Chen and Miao Zhang and Kaiming Hu and Hainan Gong and Disong Fu and Lin Wang},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.16272},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16272},
}

@article{gregory2026floenet,
  title = {FloeNet: A mass-conserving global sea ice emulator that generalizes across climates},
  author = {William Gregory and Mitchell Bushuk and James Duncan and Elynn Wu and Adam Subel and Spencer K. Clark and Bill Hurlin and Oliver Watt-Meyer and Alistair Adcroft and Chris Bretherton and Laure Zanna},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2603.12449},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.12449},
}

@article{petersen2026reducedorder,
  title = {Reduced-Order Surrogates for Forced Flexible Mesh Coastal-Ocean Models},
  author = {Freja Høgholm Petersen and Jesper Sandvig Mariegaard and Rocco Palmitessa and Allan P. Engsig-Karup},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2602.05416},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05416},
}

@article{meng2026largeensemble,
  title = {Large-Ensemble Simulations Reveal Links Between Atmospheric Blocking Frequency and Sea Surface Temperature Variability},
  author = {Zilu Meng and Gregory J. Hakim and Wenchang Yang and Gabriel A. Vecchi},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2602.05083},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.05083},
}

@article{cillis2026hybrid,
  title = {Hybrid physics-data-driven modeling for sea ice thermodynamics and transfer learning},
  author = {Giovanni De Cillis and Alberto Carrassi and Julien Brajard and Laurent Bertino and Matteo Broccoli and Dorotea Iovino and Tobias Sebastian Finn and Marc Bocquet},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2601.23190},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.23190},
}

@article{all2026rapid,
  title = {Rapid estimation of global sea surface temperatures from sparse streaming in situ observations},
  author = {Cassidy All and Kevin Ho and Maya Magnuski and Christopher Nicolaides and Louisa B. Ebby and Mohammad Farazmand},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2601.21913},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21913},
}

@article{brettin2026estimation,
  title = {Estimation of temperature and precipitation uncertainties using quantile neural networks},
  author = {Andrew Brettin and Laure Zanna},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2601.17243},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.17243},
}

@article{kallummal2026extending,
  title = {Extending SST Anomaly Forecasts Through Simultaneous Decomposition of Seasonal and PDO Modes},
  author = {Rameshan Kallummal},
  year = {2026},
  eprint = {2601.01864},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.01864},
}

@article{botvynko2025neural,
  title = {Neural ocean forecasting from sparse satellite-derived observations: a case-study for SSH dynamics and altimetry data},
  author = {Daria Botvynko and Pierre Haslée and Lucile Gaultier and Bertrand Chapron and Clement de Boyer Montégut and Anass El Aouni and Julien Le Sommer and Ronan Fablet},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2512.22152},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.22152},
}

@article{sambamurthy2025lazy,
  title = {Lazy Diffusion: Mitigating spectral collapse in generative diffusion-based stable autoregressive emulation of turbulent flows},
  author = {Anish Sambamurthy and Ashesh Chattopadhyay},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2512.09572},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.09572},
}

@article{kim2025climateagent,
  title = {CLIMATEAGENT: Multi-Agent Orchestration for Complex Climate Data Science Workflows},
  author = {Hyeonjae Kim and Chenyue Li and Wen Deng and Mengxi Jin and Wen Huang and Mengqian Lu and Binhang Yuan},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.20109},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20109},
}

@article{cooke2025role,
  title = {The Role of Deep Mesoscale Eddies in Ensemble Forecast Performance},
  author = {Justin Cooke and Kathleen Donohue and Clark D Rowley and Prasad G Thoppil and D Randolph Watts},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.09747},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.09747},
}

@article{jiang2025sstode,
  title = {SSTODE: Ocean-Atmosphere Physics-Informed Neural ODEs for Sea Surface Temperature Prediction},
  author = {Zheng Jiang and Wei Wang and Gaowei Zhang and Yi Wang},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.05629},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.05629},
}

@article{chen2025oceanai,
  title = {OceanAI: A Conversational Platform for Accurate, Transparent, Near-Real-Time Oceanographic Insights},
  author = {Bowen Chen and Jayesh Gajbhar and Gregory Dusek and Rob Redmon and Patrick Hogan and Paul Liu and DelWayne Bohnenstiehl and Dongkuan Xu and Ruoying He},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.01019},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.01019},
}

@article{dobra2025sensitivity,
  title = {Sensitivity Analysis for Climate Science with Generative Flow Models},
  author = {Alex Dobra and Jakiw Pidstrigach and Tim Reichelt and Paolo Fraccaro and Anne Jones and Johannes Jakubik and Christian Schroeder de Witt and Philip Torr and Philip Stier},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2511.00663},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.00663},
}

@article{medina2025leveraging,
  title = {Leveraging an Atmospheric Foundational Model for Subregional Sea Surface Temperature Forecasting},
  author = {Víctor Medina and Giovanny A. Cuervo-Londoño and Javier Sánchez},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2510.25563},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.25563},
}

@article{jahanmard2025principled,
  title = {Principled Operator Learning in Ocean Dynamics: The Role of Temporal Structure},
  author = {Vahidreza Jahanmard and Ali Ramezani-Kebrya and Robinson Hordoir},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2510.09792},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.09792},
}

@article{wang2025downscale,
  title = {Down-scale marine hydrodynamic analysis at the Norwegian coast -- the NORA-SARAH open framework},
  author = {Widar Weizhi Wang and Konstantinos Christakos and Csaba Pakozdi and Hans Bihs},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.21329},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.21329},
}

@article{shi2025datadriven,
  title = {Data-Driven Reconstruction of Significant Wave Heights from Sparse Observations},
  author = {Hongyuan Shi and Yilin Zhai and Ping Dong and Zaijin You and Chao Zhan and Qing Wang},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.19384},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.19384},
}

@article{zheng2025climateadaptive,
  title = {Climate-Adaptive and Cascade-Constrained Machine Learning Prediction for Sea Surface Height under Greenhouse Warming},
  author = {Tianmu Zheng and Ru Chen and Xin Su and Julian Mak and Gang Huang and Bingzheng Yan},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.18741},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.18741},
}

@article{niu2025datadriven,
  title = {A data-driven global ocean forecasting model with sub-daily and eddy-resolving resolution},
  author = {Yuan Niu and Qiusheng Huang and Xiaohui Zhong and Anboyu Guo and Lei Chen and Xiaoyan Jia and Jiawei Qi and Dianjun Zhang and Hao Li and Xuefeng Zhang},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.17015},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.17015},
}

@article{minuzzi2025artificial,
  title = {Artificial neural networks ensemble methodology to predict significant wave height},
  author = {Felipe Crivellaro Minuzzi and Leandro Farina},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.14020},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.14020},
}

@article{duncan2025samudrace,
  title = {SamudrACE: Fast and Accurate Coupled Climate Modeling with 3D Ocean and Atmosphere Emulators},
  author = {James P. C. Duncan and Elynn Wu and Surya Dheeshjith and Adam Subel and Troy Arcomano and Spencer K. Clark and Brian Henn and Anna Kwa and Jeremy McGibbon and W. Andre Perkins and William Gregory and Carlos Fernandez-Granda and Julius Busecke and Oliver Watt-Meyer and William J. Hurlin and Alistair Adcroft and Laure Zanna and Christopher Bretherton},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.12490},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.12490},
}

@article{yu2025detecting,
  title = {Detecting extreme event-driven causality},
  author = {Siyang Yu and Yu Huang and Zuntao Fu},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.05043},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.05043},
}

@article{epicoco2025medformer,
  title = {MedFormer: a data-driven model for forecasting the Mediterranean Sea},
  author = {Italo Epicoco and Davide Donno and Gabriele Accarino and Simone Norberti and Alessandro Grandi and Michele Giurato and Ronan McAdam and Donatello Elia and Emanuela Clementi and Paola Nassisi and Enrico Scoccimarro and Giovanni Coppini and Silvio Gualdi and Giovanni Aloisio and Simona Masina and Giulio Boccaletti and Antonio Navarra},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.00015},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00015},
}

@article{liang2025difftopo,
  title = {DiffTopo: Solver in the Loop for Inverse Topography via Condition Diffusion Generation},
  author = {Aoming Liang and Qi Liu and Weicheng Cui},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2509.00007},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.00007},
}

@article{sun2025ensembles,
  title = {Ensembles of Neural Surrogates for Parametric Sensitivity in Ocean Modeling},
  author = {Yixuan Sun and Romain Egele and Sri Hari Krishna Narayanan and Luke Van Roekel and Carmelo Gonzales and Steven Brus and Balu Nadiga and Sandeep Madireddy and Prasanna Balaprakash},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2508.16489},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16489},
}

@article{finn2025generative,
  title = {Generative AI models capture realistic sea-ice evolution from days to decades},
  author = {Tobias Sebastian Finn and Marc Bocquet and Pierre Rampal and Charlotte Durand and Flavia Porro and Alban Farchi and Alberto Carrassi},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2508.14984},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.14984},
}

@article{hall2025knowledgeguided,
  title = {Knowledge-guided machine learning for disentangling Pacific sea surface temperature variability across timescales},
  author = {Kyle J. C. Hall and Maria J. Molina and Emily F. Wisinski and Gerald A. Meehl and Antonietta Capotondi},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2508.08490},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.08490},
}

@article{zhang2025sparsitypromoting,
  title = {Sparsity-Promoting Dynamic Mode Decomposition Applied to Sea Surface Temperature Fields},
  author = {Zhicheng Zhang and Yoshihiko Susuki and Atsushi Okazaki},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2507.05711},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05711},
}

@article{putatunda2025idriftnet,
  title = {IDRIFTNET: Physics-Driven Spatiotemporal Deep Learning for Iceberg Drift Forecasting},
  author = {Rohan Putatunda and Sanjay Purushotham and Ratnaksha Lele and Vandana P. Janeja},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2507.00036},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00036},
}

@article{wu2025machine,
  title = {Machine learning-based correlation analysis of decadal cyclone intensity with sea surface temperature: data and tutorial},
  author = {Jingyang Wu and Rohitash Chandra},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2506.09254},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09254},
}

@article{cuervolondono2025deep,
  title = {Deep Learning Weather Models for Subregional Ocean Forecasting: A Case Study on the Canary Current Upwelling System},
  author = {Giovanny A. Cuervo-Londoño and Javier Sánchez and Ángel Rodríguez-Santana},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.24429},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24429},
}

@article{gao2025neuralom,
  title = {NeuralOM: Neural Ocean Model for Subseasonal-to-Seasonal Simulation},
  author = {Yuan Gao and Hao Wu and Fan Xu and Yanfei Xiang and Ruijian Gou and Ruiqi Shu and Qingsong Wen and Xian Wu and Kun Wang and Xiaomeng Huang},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.21020},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21020},
}

@article{zheng2025lantu,
  title = {LanTu: Dynamics-Enhanced Deep Learning for Eddy-Resolving Ocean Forecasting},
  author = {Qingyu Zheng and Qi Shao and Guijun Han and Wei Li and Hong Li and Xuan Wang},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.10191},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.10191},
}

@article{perezhogin2025generalizable,
  title = {Generalizable neural-network parameterization of mesoscale eddies in idealized and global ocean models},
  author = {Pavel Perezhogin and Alistair Adcroft and Laure Zanna},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.08900},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.08900},
}

@article{ma2025reconstruction,
  title = {Reconstruction of Antarctic sea ice thickness from sparse satellite laser altimetry data using a partial convolutional neural network},
  author = {Ziqi Ma and Qinghua Yang and Yue Xu and Wen Shi and Xiaoran Dong and Qian Shi and Hao Luo and Jiping Liu and Petteri Uotila and Yafei Nie},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2505.06255},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.06255},
}

@article{han2025exploring,
  title = {Exploring the Potential of Latent Embeddings for Sea Ice Characterization using ICESat-2 Data},
  author = {Daehyeon Han and Morteza Karimzadeh},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2504.18668},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18668},
}

@article{zhai2025improving,
  title = {Improving Significant Wave Height Prediction Using Chronos Models},
  author = {Yilin Zhai and Hongyuan Shi and Chao Zhan and Qing Wang and Zaijin You and Nan Wang},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2504.16834},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16834},
}

@article{ke2025low,
  title = {Low latency global carbon budget reveals a continuous decline of the land carbon sink during the 2023/24 El Nino event},
  author = {Piyu Ke and Philippe Ciais and Yitong Yao and Stephen Sitch and Wei Li and Yidi Xu and Xiaomeng Du and Xiaofan Gui and Ana Bastos and Sonke Zaehle and Ben Poulter and Thomas Colligan and Auke M. van der Woude and Wouter Peters and Zhu Liu and Zhe Jin and Xiangjun Tian and Yilong Wang and Junjie Liu and Sudhanshu Pandey and Chris O'Dell and Jiang Bian and Chuanlong Zhou and John Miller and Xin Lan and Michael O'Sullivan and Pierre Friedlingstein and Guido R. van der Werf and Glen P. Peters and Shilong Piao and Frederic Chevallier},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2504.09189},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.09189},
}

@article{chapman2025camulator,
  title = {CAMulator: Fast Emulation of the Community Atmosphere Model},
  author = {William E. Chapman and John S. Schreck and Yingkai Sha and David John Gagne and Dhamma Kimpara and Laure Zanna and Kirsten J. Mayer and Judith Berner},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2504.06007},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.06007},
}

@article{cutolo2025simulationinformed,
  title = {Simulation-informed deep learning for enhanced SWOT observations of fine-scale ocean dynamics},
  author = {Eugenio Cutolo and Carlos Granero-Belinchon and Ptashanna Thiraux and Jinbo Wang and Ronan Fablet},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2503.21303},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.21303},
}

@article{ning2025study,
  title = {A Study on Monthly Marine Heatwave Forecasts in New Zealand: An Investigation of Imbalanced Regression Loss Functions with Neural Network Models},
  author = {Ding Ning and Varvara Vetrova and Sébastien Delaux and Rachael Tappenden and Karin R. Bryan and Yun Sing Koh},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2502.13495},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13495},
}

@article{brettin2025uncertaintypermitting,
  title = {Uncertainty-permitting machine learning reveals sources of dynamic sea level predictability across daily-to-seasonal timescales},
  author = {Andrew Brettin and Laure Zanna and Elizabeth A. Barnes},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2502.11293},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11293},
}

@article{ning2025diving,
  title = {Diving Deep: Forecasting Sea Surface Temperatures and Anomalies},
  author = {Ding Ning and Varvara Vetrova and Karin R. Bryan and Yun Sing Koh and Andreas Voskou and N'Dah Jean Kouagou and Arnab Sharma},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2501.05731},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.05731},
}

@article{yang2024langya,
  title = {LangYa: Revolutionizing Cross-Spatiotemporal Ocean Forecasting},
  author = {Nan Yang and Chong Wang and Meihua Zhao and Zimeng Zhao and Huiling Zheng and Bin Zhang and Jianing Wang and Xiaofeng Li},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.18097},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.18097},
}

@article{wang2024tsformer,
  title = {TSformer: A Non-autoregressive Spatial-temporal Transformers for 30-day Ocean Eddy-Resolving Forecasting},
  author = {Guosong Wang and Min Hou and Mingyue Qin and Xinrong Wu and Zhigang Gao and Guofang Chao and Xiaoshuang Zhang},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.17392},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.17392},
}

@article{shu2024improved,
  title = {Improved Forecasts of Global Extreme Marine Heatwaves Through a Physics-guided Data-driven Approach},
  author = {Ruiqi Shu and Hao Wu and Yuan Gao and Fanghua Xu and Ruijian Gou and Xiaomeng Huang},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.15532},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.15532},
}

@article{xie2024global,
  title = {Global Estimation of Subsurface Eddy Kinetic Energy of Mesoscale Eddies Using a Multiple-input Residual Neural Network},
  author = {Chenyue Xie and An-Kang Gao and Xiyun Lu},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.10656},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.10656},
}

@article{lee2024aipowered,
  title = {AI-powered Digital Twin of the Ocean: Reliable Uncertainty Quantification for Real-time Wave Height Prediction with Deep Ensemble},
  author = {Dongeon Lee and Sunwoong Yang and Jae-Won Oh and Su-Gil Cho and Sanghyuk Kim and Namwoo Kang},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.05475},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05475},
}

@article{aouni2024glonet,
  title = {GLONET: Mercator's end-to-end neural Global Ocean forecasting system},
  author = {Anass El Aouni and Quentin Gaudel and Charly Regnier and Simon Van Gennip and Olivier Le Galloudec and Marie Drevillon and Yann Drillet and Jean-Michel Lellouche},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.05454},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05454},
}

@article{ning2024advancing,
  title = {Advancing Marine Heatwave Forecasts: An Integrated Deep Learning Approach},
  author = {Ding Ning and Varvara Vetrova and Yun Sing Koh and Karin R. Bryan},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.04475},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.04475},
}

@article{dheeshjith2024samudra,
  title = {Samudra: An AI Global Ocean Emulator for Climate},
  author = {Surya Dheeshjith and Adam Subel and Alistair Adcroft and Julius Busecke and Carlos Fernandez-Granda and Shubham Gupta and Laure Zanna},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2412.03795},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.03795},
}

@article{sunil2024assessing,
  title = {Assessing the potential of state-of-the-art machine learning and physics-informed machine learning in predicting sea surface temperature},
  author = {Akshay Sunil and B Deepthi and Gaurav Ganjir and Muhammed Rashid and Rahul Sreedhar and Adarsh S},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2411.19031},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.19031},
}

@article{quayesam2024comparison,
  title = {A Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Predicting Sea Surface Temperature in the Great Barrier Reef Region},
  author = {Dennis Quayesam and Jacob Akubire and Oliveira Darkwah},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2411.15202},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.15202},
}

@article{xu2024accelerate,
  title = {Accelerate Coastal Ocean Circulation Model with AI Surrogate},
  author = {Zelin Xu and Jie Ren and Yupu Zhang and Jose Maria Gonzalez Ondina and Maitane Olabarrieta and Tingsong Xiao and Wenchong He and Zibo Liu and Shigang Chen and Kaleb Smith and Zhe Jiang},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2410.14952},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14952},
}

@article{xu2024sifm,
  title = {SIFM: A Foundation Model for Multi-granularity Arctic Sea Ice Forecasting},
  author = {Jingyi Xu and Yeqi Luo and Weidong Yang and Keyi Liu and Shengnan Wang and Ben Fei and Lei Bai},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2410.14732},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14732},
}

@article{holmberg2024regional,
  title = {Regional Ocean Forecasting with Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks},
  author = {Daniel Holmberg and Emanuela Clementi and Teemu Roos},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2410.11807},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.11807},
}

@article{xu2024icediff,
  title = {IceDiff: High Resolution and High-Quality Sea Ice Forecasting with Generative Diffusion Prior},
  author = {Jingyi Xu and Siwei Tu and Weidong Yang and Shuhao Li and Keyi Liu and Yeqi Luo and Lipeng Ma and Ben Fei and Lei Bai},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2410.09111},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09111},
}

@article{lyu2024multiscale,
  title = {Multi-scale decomposition of sea surface height snapshots using machine learning},
  author = {Jingwen Lyu and Yue Wang and Christian Pedersen and Spencer Jones and Dhruv Balwada},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2409.17354},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.17354},
}

@article{prasad2024modeling,
  title = {Modeling Snow on Sea Ice using Physics Guided Machine Learning},
  author = {Ayush Prasad and Ioanna Merkouriadi and Aleksi Nummelin},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2409.08092},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.08092},
}

@article{passerotti2024sea,
  title = {Sea ice floe segmentation in close-range optical imagery using active contour and foundation models},
  author = {Giulio Passerotti and Alberto Alberello and Marcello Vichi and Luke G. Bennetts and James Bailey and Alessandro Toffoli},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2409.06641},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.06641},
}

@article{li2024orca,
  title = {Orca: Ocean Significant Wave Height Estimation with Spatio-temporally Aware Large Language Models},
  author = {Zhe Li and Ronghui Xu and Jilin Hu and Zhong Peng and Xi Lu and Chenjuan Guo and Bin Yang},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2407.20053},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.20053},
}

@article{uchida2024dynamicmode,
  title = {Dynamic-Mode Decomposition of Geostrophically Balanced Motions from SWOT Altimetry},
  author = {Takaya Uchida and Yadidya Badarvada and Karl E. Lapo and Xiaobiao Xu and Jeffrey J. Early and Brian K. Arbic and Dimitris Menemenlis and Luna Hiron and Eric P. Chassignet and Jay F. Shriver and Maarten C. Buijsman},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2407.09309},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.09309},
}